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'Programming/C'에 해당되는 글 5건

[apache] - mod_sockopts

Programming/C 2009/03/22 17:42 posted by 알라신께충성

Download : [mod_sockopts_1.0.tar.bz2]

TCP_DEFER_ACCEPT 를 apache_1.3.x 에 직접 패치를 가하지 않고 모듈 형태로 만든 프로그램이다.
실제 아파치 소스에 패치를 가하지 않고 모듈 형태로 구현한 것인데 이미 기존에 같은 생각으로
만들어져 있던 아파치 모듈이 있었다. (original source)
나는 내 스타일로 새로 작성하였고 몇개의 소켓 옵션도 추가 하였다.
나는 TCP_DEFER_ACCEPT 만을 테스트 하였고 다른 추가적인 옵션들에 대해서 실제 정상 작동을 장담 할 수 없다.^^

- By YoungJoo-Kim <bando@bando.org>

* 소개

     말그대로 setsockopt 를 이용 소켓 옵션을 설정 하는 모듈이다.
     다음에 오는 리스트들이 설정 가능한 소켓 옵션들이다 :

              TCP_DEFER_ACCEPT
              SO_SNDTIMEO
              SO_RCVTIMEO
              SO_SNDBUF
              SO_RCVBUF

* 설치하기

    1. DSO 미지원 컴파일
        [root@root apache]# ./configure --add-module=mod_sockopts.c
        [root@root apache]# make
        [root@root apache]# make install

    2. DSO 지원 컴파일
        [root@root mod_sockopts]# apxs -iac mod_sockopts.c

* 설정하기

    1. httpd.conf

    LoadModule sockopts_module    libexec/mod_sockopts.so

    AddModule mod_sockopts.c

    <IfModule mod_sockopts.c>
        # TCP_DEFER_ACCEPT
        SoTcpDeferAccept    20

        # SO_SNDTIMEO - not effective(socket is not closed and be continued the data transfering)
        # SoSoSndTimeo      5

        # SO_RCVTIMEO - not effective(socket is not closed and be continued the data transfering)
        # SoSoRcvTimeo      5

        # SO_SNDBUF
        # SoSoSndBuf        512

        # SO_RCVBUF
        # SoSoRcvBuf        512
    </IfModule>

* LINK

    http://articles.techrepublic.com.com/5100-10878_11-1050771.html
    http://www.archivum.info/linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org/2007-11/msg01857.html
    http://httpd.apache.org/docs/1.3/misc/fin_wait_2.html
    http://eregie.premier-ministre.gouv.fr/manual/misc/perf-tuning.html

TAG C/C++, mod_sockopts

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windows 컴퓨터 이름 알아내기

Programming/C 2008/06/07 00:36 posted by 알라신께충성

/*
+-----------------------------------+
| Date : 20040702                   |
| netbios name search               |
| By YoungJoo-Kim <bando@bando.org> |
+-----------------------------------+

Modify(ADMsmb.c) : 
                  bzero -> memset
	              &(int) longueur -> (socklen_t *)&longueur

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
[root@bando netbioz]# gcc -o netbioz netbioz.c
[root@bando netbioz]# ./netbioz
사용법 : ./netbioz [호스트]
[root@bando netbioz]# ./netbioz xxxxxx.com 
HOST          : xxxxxx.com(211.xxx.xxx.xxx)
COMPUTER NAME : KYJ
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+

+-----------------------------------------------+
Send Packet : 50Byte

66 06 00 00 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 20 43 4b 41
41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41
41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 00 00 21
00 01 
+-----------------------------------------------+
*/

#include <stdio.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <netdb.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h> 
#include <stdlib.h>

#define NMBHDRSIZE 13

struct nmbhdr
{
	unsigned short id;

/* char var:n  : 정해진 변수 비트에서 n비트만 사용 */
	unsigned char R:1;
	unsigned char opcode:4;
	unsigned char AA:1;
	unsigned char TC:1;
	unsigned char RD:1;
	unsigned char RA:1;
	unsigned char unless:2;
	unsigned char B:1;
	unsigned char RCODE:4;

unsigned short que_num;
	unsigned short rep_num;
	unsigned short num_rr;
	unsigned short num_rrsup;
	unsigned char namelen;
};

struct typez
{
	u_short type;
	u_short type2;
};

int silly_server = 0;

unsigned long host2ip (char *serv);
int ADMsmb (u_long ip, char *netbioz);
char *inet_ntoa64(struct in_addr ina);

int main(int argc, char **argv) {
	char hostoname[255];
	char netbioz[255];
	u_long bha;
	memset(hostoname, 0x0, sizeof(hostoname));
	memset(netbioz, 0x0, sizeof(netbioz));

if (argc < 2) {
		printf ("사용법 : %s [호스트]\n", argv[0]);
		exit(1);
	}

memcpy(hostoname, argv[1], strlen(argv[1]));
	bha = host2ip(hostoname);

printf("Host          : %s(%s)\n", hostoname, inet_ntoa64(*((struct in_addr *)&bha)));
	if (ADMsmb(bha,netbioz) == -1) {
		printf("COMPUTER NAME : 컴퓨터 이름을 검색 할 수 없습니다!\n");
		exit(1);
	}
	printf("Computer Name : %s\n", netbioz);

return 0;
}

/*
 *************************************************
 *
 *       host2ip()
 *
 * 설명
 *       호스트에 대한 struct sockaddr_in 의 sin_addr.s_addr 을 돌려준다.
 *
 * 인자
 *       1. 호스트 네임
 *
 * 반환값
 *       호스트에 대한 struct sockaddr_in 의 sin_addr.s_addr 값
 *
 *************************************************
 */
unsigned long host2ip (char *serv)
{
	struct sockaddr_in sinn;
	struct hostent *hent;

hent = gethostbyname(serv);
	if (hent == NULL) {
		return 0;
	}
	else {
		memset((char *) &sinn, 0x0, sizeof(sinn));
		memcpy((char *) &sinn.sin_addr, hent->h_addr, hent->h_length);
		return sinn.sin_addr.s_addr;
	}
}

/*
 *************************************************
 *
 *       ADMsmb()
 *
 * 설명
 *       호스트에 대한 netbios name 을 검색한다.
 *
 * 인자
 *       1. 호스트에 대한 struct sockaddr_in 의 sin_addr.s_addr 값
 *       2. 검색된 netbios name 이 저장될 문자열 buf에 대한 포인터
 *
 * 반환값
 *       성공 = 0
 *       실패 = -1
 *
 *************************************************
 */
/* ADMsmb utility  its for get the  netbios name ! of a remote host */
/* u can see the definition of netbios to rfc1001 & rfc1002         */
/* ADMsmb (c) ADM                                                   */
/* Thx 2 clement for the patch against the silly nmbd !             */
/* Tnx 2 IRQ for porting to FreeBSD                                 */
int ADMsmb (u_long ip, char *netbioz)
{
	struct sockaddr_in sin_src,sin_dst;
	struct nmbhdr *nmb, *nmb2;
	struct typez *typz;
	int socket_client, bha, timeout = 0;
	int longueur = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in);
	int optval;
	char *data;
	char *dataz;
	char buffer[1024];
	char buffer2[1024];
	char namezz[1024];
	char name[34] = "CKAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA\0";
	char c;

socket_client = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_UDP);

if (ip == 0) {
		printf("HOST NAME ERROR!\n");
		exit(-1); 
	}

memset(buffer, 0x0, sizeof(buffer));
	memset(buffer2, 0x0, sizeof(buffer2));

if (silly_server)
	{
		optval=1;
		setsockopt(socket_client, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, &optval, sizeof(optval));
		fflush(stdout);
		sin_src.sin_family = AF_INET;
		sin_src.sin_port = htons (137);
		sin_src.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;
		if (bind(socket_client,(struct sockaddr *) &sin_src, sizeof(sin_src)) == (-1))
		{
			perror("bind");
			return(-1);
		}

}

sin_dst.sin_family = AF_INET;
	sin_dst.sin_port = htons (137);
	sin_dst.sin_addr.s_addr = ip;

nmb = (struct nmbhdr *)buffer;
	data = (char *)(buffer + NMBHDRSIZE);
	typz = (struct typez *)(buffer + NMBHDRSIZE + 33);
	nmb2 = (struct nmbhdr *)(buffer2);
	dataz = (char *)(buffer2 + 50 + 7);

memset(namezz, 0x0, sizeof(namezz));
	memcpy(data, name, strlen(name) + 1);

nmb->id = 0x666;
	nmb->R = 0;                   /* 0 for question 1 for response */
	nmb->opcode = 0;              /* 0 = query */
	nmb->que_num = htons (1);     /* i have only 1 question :) */
	nmb->namelen = 0x20;
	typz->type = 0x2100;
	typz->type2 = 0x0100;

sendto(socket_client, buffer, 50, 0, (struct sockaddr *) &sin_dst, longueur);
	usleep(10000);
	sendto(socket_client, buffer, 50, 0, (struct sockaddr *) &sin_dst, longueur);

if ((fcntl (socket_client, F_SETFL, O_NONBLOCK)) == -1)
	{
		return (-1);
	}

/* timeout 50 -> 20 변경 */
	for (timeout = 0; timeout < 20; timeout++)
	{
		usleep (100000);

/* &(int) longueur -> (socklen_t *)&longueur 변경 */
		if (recvfrom (socket_client, buffer2,sizeof(buffer2), 0, (struct sockaddr *) &sin_dst, (socklen_t *)&longueur) != -1)
		{         
			if (nmb2->rep_num != 0)
			{
				bha = 0;
				for (;;)
				{
					c = *(dataz + bha);
					if (c != '\x20')
					{
						namezz[bha] = c;
						bha++;
					}
					if (c == '\x20')
						break;
				}
				memcpy(netbioz, namezz, strlen(namezz));
				return (0);
				break;
			} else  
				return (-1); 
		}
	}
	return (-1);
}

/*
 *************************************************
 *
 *       inet_ntoa64()
 *
 * 설명
 *       inet_ntoa64() 함수는 네트웍 바이트 순서로 주어진 인터넷 호스트 주소 in을 표준점-수 표기의 문자열로 바꾼다.
 *       문자열은 정적으로 할당된 버퍼로 반환되며 이 함수의 연속적인 호출은 이 공간을 덮어 쓴다.
 *
 * 인자
 *       1. struct in_addr 형 구조체 
 *
 * 반환값
 *       문자열로 변환된 IP주소 값
 *
 *************************************************
 */
char *inet_ntoa64(struct in_addr ina)
{
	static char buf[4*sizeof("123")];
	unsigned char *ucp = (unsigned char *)&ina;

sprintf(buf, "%d.%d.%d.%d",
			ucp[0] & 0xff,
			ucp[1] & 0xff,
			ucp[2] & 0xff,
			ucp[3] & 0xff);
	return buf;
}

TAG C/C++

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ASCII 코드표

Programming/C 2008/06/05 14:36 posted by 알라신께충성

[ASCII CODE]
┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
┃Decimal  Octal  Hex   Binary     Value     Addition                             ┃
┃-------  -----  ---   ------     -----     --------                             ┃
┃000      000    000   00000000   NUL       (Null char.)                         ┃
┃001      001    001   00000001   SOH       (Start of Header)                    ┃
┃002      002    002   00000010   STX       (Start of Text)                      ┃
┃003      003    003   00000011   ETX       (End of Text)                        ┃
┃004      004    004   00000100   EOT       (End of Transmission)                ┃
┃005      005    005   00000101   ENQ       (Enquiry)                            ┃
┃006      006    006   00000110   ACK       (Acknowledgment)                     ┃
┃007      007    007   00000111   BEL       (Bell)                               ┃
┃008      010    008   00001000   BS        (Backspace)                          ┃
┃009      011    009   00001001   HT        (Horizontal Tab)                     ┃
┃010      012    00A   00001010   LF        (Line Feed)                          ┃
┃011      013    00B   00001011   VT        (Vertical Tab)                       ┃
┃012      014    00C   00001100   FF        (Form Feed)                          ┃
┃013      015    00D   00001101   CR        (Carriage Return)                    ┃
┃014      016    00E   00001110   SO        (Shift Out)                          ┃
┃015      017    00F   00001111   SI        (Shift In)                           ┃
┃016      020    010   00010000   DLE       (Data Link Escape)                   ┃
┃017      021    011   00010001   DC1       (XON)(Device Control 1)              ┃
┃018      022    012   00010010   DC2       (Device Control 2)                   ┃
┃019      023    013   00010011   DC3       (XOFF)(Device Control 3)             ┃
┃020      024    014   00010100   DC4       (Device Control 4)                   ┃
┃021      025    015   00010101   NAK       (Negative Acknowledgement)           ┃
┃022      026    016   00010110   SYN       (Synchronous Idle)                   ┃
┃023      027    017   00010111   ETB       (End of Trans. Block)                ┃
┃024      030    018   00011000   CAN       (Cancel)                             ┃
┃025      031    019   00011001   EM        (End of Medium)                      ┃
┃026      032    01A   00011010   SUB       (Substitute)                         ┃
┃027      033    01B   00011011   ESC       (Escape)                             ┃
┃028      034    01C   00011100   FS        (File Separator)                     ┃
┃029      035    01D   00011101   GS        (Group Separator)                    ┃
┃030      036    01E   00011110   RS        (Request to Send)(Record Separator)  ┃
┃031      037    01F   00011111   US        (Unit Separator)                     ┃
┃032      040    020   00100000   SP        (Space)                              ┃
┃033      041    021   00100001   !         (exclamation mark)                   ┃
┃034      042    022   00100010   "         (double quote)                       ┃
┃035      043    023   00100011   #         (number sign)                        ┃
┃036      044    024   00100100   $         (dollar sign)                        ┃
┃037      045    025   00100101   %         (percent)                            ┃
┃038      046    026   00100110   &         (ampersand)                          ┃
┃039      047    027   00100111   '         (single quote)                       ┃
┃040      050    028   00101000   (         (left/opening parenthesis)           ┃
┃041      051    029   00101001   )         (right/closing parenthesis)          ┃
┃042      052    02A   00101010   *         (asterisk)                           ┃
┃043      053    02B   00101011   +         (plus)                               ┃
┃044      054    02C   00101100   ,         (comma)                              ┃
┃045      055    02D   00101101   -         (minus or dash)                      ┃
┃046      056    02E   00101110   .         (dot)                                ┃
┃047      057    02F   00101111   /         (forward slash)                      ┃
┃048      060    030   00110000   0                                              ┃
┃049      061    031   00110001   1                                              ┃
┃050      062    032   00110010   2                                              ┃
┃051      063    033   00110011   3                                              ┃
┃052      064    034   00110100   4                                              ┃
┃053      065    035   00110101   5                                              ┃
┃054      066    036   00110110   6                                              ┃
┃055      067    037   00110111   7                                              ┃
┃056      070    038   00111000   8                                              ┃
┃057      071    039   00111001   9                                              ┃
┃058      072    03A   00111010   :         (colon)                              ┃
┃059      073    03B   00111011   ;         (semi-colon)                         ┃
┃060      074    03C   00111100   <         (less than)                          ┃
┃061      075    03D   00111101   =         (equal sign)                         ┃
┃062      076    03E   00111110   >         (greater than)                       ┃
┃063      077    03F   00111111   ?         (question mark)                      ┃
┃064      100    040   01000000   @         (AT symbol)                          ┃
┃065      101    041   01000001   A                                              ┃
┃066      102    042   01000010   B                                              ┃
┃067      103    043   01000011   C                                              ┃
┃068      104    044   01000100   D                                              ┃
┃069      105    045   01000101   E                                              ┃
┃070      106    046   01000110   F                                              ┃
┃071      107    047   01000111   G                                              ┃
┃072      110    048   01001000   H                                              ┃
┃073      111    049   01001001   I                                              ┃
┃074      112    04A   01001010   J                                              ┃
┃075      113    04B   01001011   K                                              ┃
┃076      114    04C   01001100   L                                              ┃
┃077      115    04D   01001101   M                                              ┃
┃078      116    04E   01001110   N                                              ┃
┃079      117    04F   01001111   O                                              ┃
┃080      120    050   01010000   P                                              ┃
┃081      121    051   01010001   Q                                              ┃
┃082      122    052   01010010   R                                              ┃
┃083      123    053   01010011   S                                              ┃
┃084      124    054   01010100   T                                              ┃
┃085      125    055   01010101   U                                              ┃
┃086      126    056   01010110   V                                              ┃
┃087      127    057   01010111   W                                              ┃
┃088      130    058   01011000   X                                              ┃
┃089      131    059   01011001   Y                                              ┃
┃090      132    05A   01011010   Z                                              ┃
┃091      133    05B   01011011   [         (left/opening bracket)               ┃
┃092      134    05C   01011100   \         (back slash)                         ┃
┃093      135    05D   01011101   ]         (right/closing bracket)              ┃
┃094      136    05E   01011110   ^         (caret/cirumflex)                    ┃
┃095      137    05F   01011111   _         (underscore)                         ┃
┃096      140    060   01100000   `                                              ┃
┃097      141    061   01100001   a                                              ┃
┃098      142    062   01100010   b                                              ┃
┃099      143    063   01100011   c                                              ┃
┃100      144    064   01100100   d                                              ┃
┃101      145    065   01100101   e                                              ┃
┃102      146    066   01100110   f                                              ┃
┃103      147    067   01100111   g                                              ┃
┃104      150    068   01101000   h                                              ┃
┃105      151    069   01101001   i                                              ┃
┃106      152    06A   01101010   j                                              ┃
┃107      153    06B   01101011   k                                              ┃
┃108      154    06C   01101100   l                                              ┃
┃109      155    06D   01101101   m                                              ┃
┃110      156    06E   01101110   n                                              ┃
┃111      157    06F   01101111   o                                              ┃
┃112      160    070   01110000   p                                              ┃
┃113      161    071   01110001   q                                              ┃
┃114      162    072   01110010   r                                              ┃
┃115      163    073   01110011   s                                              ┃
┃116      164    074   01110100   t                                              ┃
┃117      165    075   01110101   u                                              ┃
┃118      166    076   01110110   v                                              ┃
┃119      167    077   01110111   w                                              ┃
┃120      170    078   01111000   x                                              ┃
┃121      171    079   01111001   y                                              ┃
┃122      172    07A   01111010   z                                              ┃
┃123      173    07B   01111011   {         (left/opening brace)                 ┃
┃124      174    07C   01111100   |         (vertical bar)                       ┃
┃125      175    07D   01111101   }         (right/closing brace)                ┃
┃126      176    07E   01111110   ~         (tilde)                              ┃
┃127      177    07F   01111111   DEL       (delete)                             ┃
┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛

[C DATA TYPE]
┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
┃변수형                   키워드          바이트수    범위                       ┃
┃문자형                   char            1           -128 ~ 127                 ┃
┃정수형                   int             2           -32,768 ~ 32,767           ┃
┃short정수형              short           2           -32,768 ~ 32,767           ┃
┃long 정수형              long            4           -2147483648 ~ 2147483647   ┃
┃부호 없는 문자형         unsigned char   1           0 ~ 255                    ┃
┃부호 없는 정수형         unsigned int    2           0 ~ 65535                  ┃
┃부호 없는 short 정수형   unsigned short  2           0 ~ 65535                  ┃
┃부호 없는 long 정수형    unsigned long   4           0 ~ 4294967295             ┃
┃단정도 부동 소수형       float           4           1.2E-38 ~ 3.4E38(지수1)    ┃
┃배정도 부동 소수형       double          8           2.2E-308 ~ 1.8E308(지수2)  ┃
┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛

[getsockopt / setsockopt 에서의 소켓 선택 사항의 요약]
┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
┃                                                                                                                        ┃
┃                                                                                                                        ┃
┃level            optname                 get  set  Description                                   Flag   Datatype        ┃
┃                                                                                                                        ┃
┃SOL_SOCKET       SO_BROADCAST            *    *    permit sending of broadcast datagrams         *      int             ┃
┃                 SO_DEBUG                *    *    enable debug tracing                          *      int             ┃
┃                 SO_DONTROUTE            *    *    bypass routing table lookup                   *      int             ┃
┃                 SO_ERROR                *         get pending error and clear                          int             ┃
┃                 SO_KEEPALIVE            *    *    periodically test if connection still alive   *      int             ┃
┃                 SO_LINGER               *    *    linger on close if data to send                      linger{}        ┃
┃                 SO_OOBINLINE            *    *    leave received out-of-band data inline        *      int             ┃
┃                 SO_RCVBUF               *    *    receive buffer size                                  int             ┃
┃                 SO_SNDBUF               *    *    send buffer size                                     int             ┃
┃                 SO_RCVLOWAT             *    *    receive buffer lov-water mark                        int             ┃
┃                 SO_SNDLOWAT             *    *    send buffer low-water mark                           int             ┃
┃                 SO_RCVTIMEO             *    *    receive timeout                                      timeval{}       ┃
┃                 SO_SNDTIMEO             *    *    send timeout                                         timeval{}       ┃
┃                 SO_REUSEADDR            *    *    allow local address reuse                     *      int             ┃
┃                 SO_REUSEPORT            *    *    allow local address reuse                     *      int             ┃
┃                 SO_TYPE                 *         get socket type                                      int             ┃
┃                 SO_USELOOPBACK          *    *    routing socket gets copy of what it sends     *      int             ┃
┃                                                                                                                        ┃
┃IPPROTO_IP       IP_HDRINCL              *    *    IP header included with data                  *      int             ┃
┃                 IP_OPTIONS              *    *    IP header options                                    (see text)      ┃
┃                 IP_RECVDSTADDR          *    *    return destination IP address                 *      int             ┃
┃                 IP_RECVIF               *    *    return received interface index               *      int             ┃
┃                 IP_TOS                  *    *    type-of-service and precedence                       int             ┃
┃                 IP_TTL                  *    *    time-to-live                                         int             ┃
┃                                                                                                                        ┃
┃                 IP_MULTICAST_IF         *    *    specify outgoing interface                           in_addr{}       ┃
┃                 IP_MULTICAST_TTL        *    *    specify outgogin TTL                                 u_char          ┃
┃                 IP_MULTICAST_LOOP       *    *    specify loopback                                     u_char          ┃
┃                 IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP            *    join a multicast group                               ip_mreq{}       ┃
┃                 IP_DROP_MEMBERSHIP           *    leave a multicast group                              ip_mreq{}       ┃
┃                                                                                                                        ┃
┃IPPROTO_ICMPV6   ICMP6_FILTER            *    *    specify ICMPv6 message types to pass                 icmp6_filter{}  ┃
┃                                                                                                                        ┃
┃IPPROTO_IPV6     IPV6_ADDRFORM           *    *    change address format of socket                      int             ┃
┃                 IPV6_CHECKSUM           *    *    offset of checksum field for raw sockets             int             ┃
┃                 IPV6_DSTOPTS            *    *    receive destination options                   *      int             ┃
┃                 IPV6_HOPLIMIT           *    *    receive unicast hop limit                     *      int             ┃
┃                 IPV6_HOPOPTS            *    *    receive hop-by-hop options                    *      int             ┃
┃                 IPV6_NEXTHOP            *    *    specify next-hop address                      *      sockaddr{}      ┃
┃                 IPV6_PKTINFO            *    *    receive packet information                    *      int             ┃
┃                 IPV6_PKTOPTIONS         *    *    specify packet options                               (see text)      ┃
┃                 IPV6_RTHDR              *    *    receive source route                          *      int             ┃
┃                 IPV6_UNICAST_HOPS       *    *    default unicast hop limit                            int             ┃
┃                                                                                                                        ┃
┃                 IPV6_MULTICAST_IF       *    *    specify outgoing interface                           in6_addr{}      ┃
┃                 IPV6_MULTICAST_HOPS     *    *    specify outgoing hop limit                           u_int           ┃
┃                 IPV6_MULTICAST_LOOP     *    *    specify loopback                              *      u_int           ┃
┃                 IPV6_ADD_MEMBERSHIP          *    join a multicast group                               ipv6_mreq{}     ┃
┃                 IPV6_DROP_MEMBERSHIP         *    leave a multicast group                              ipv6_mreq{}     ┃
┃                                                                                                                        ┃
┃IPPROTO_TCP      TCP_KEEPALIVE           *    *    seconds between keepalive probes                     int             ┃
┃                 TCP_MAXRT               *    *    TCP maximum retransmit time                          int             ┃
┃                 TCP_MAXSEG              *    *    TCP maximum segment size                             int             ┃
┃                 TCP_NODELAY             *    *    disable Nale algorithm                        *      int             ┃
┃                 TCP_STDURG              *    *    interprotation of urgent pointer              *      int             ┃
┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛

[MISC]
┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
┃                                                                                                ┃
┃ [Only gcc]                                                                                     ┃
┃                                                                                                ┃
┃ 키워드                    바이트수    범위                                                     ┃
┃ long long                 8           -9,223,372,036,854,775,807 ~ 9,223,372,036,854,775,807   ┃
┃ unsigned long long        8           9223372036854775807LL                                    ┃
┃                                                                                                ┃
┃                                                                                                ┃
┃ [비트 연산]                                                                                    ┃
┃                                                                                                ┃
┃ SHIFT 연산 (<<, >>)                                                                            ┃
┃ value << shift : 2의 shift승을 value에 곱하기 ( 2 << 4 = 2 * (2의 4승) )                       ┃
┃ value >> shift : value / 2의 shift승  ( 18 >> 4 = 18 / (2의 4승) )                             ┃
┃                                                                                                ┃
┃ OR 연산 (|)                                                                                    ┃
┃ 00 11 00 11                                                                                    ┃
┃ 00 00 00 11                                                                                    ┃
┃ -----------                                                                                    ┃
┃ 00 11 00 11                                                                                    ┃
┃                                                                                                ┃
┃ NOT 연산 (~)                                                                                   ┃
┃ 00 11 00 11                                                                                    ┃
┃ -----------                                                                                    ┃
┃ 11 00 11 00                                                                                    ┃
┃                                                                                                ┃
┃ XOR 연산 (^)                                                                                   ┃
┃ 00 11 00 11                                                                                    ┃
┃ 00 00 00 11                                                                                    ┃
┃ -----------                                                                                    ┃
┃ 00 11 00 00                                                                                    ┃
┃                                                                                                ┃
┃ AND 연산 (&)                                                                                   ┃
┃ 00 11 00 11                                                                                    ┃
┃ 00 00 00 11                                                                                    ┃
┃ -----------                                                                                    ┃
┃ 00 00 00 11                                                                                    ┃
┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛

 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 |b|a|n|d|o|@|b|a|n|d|o|.|o|r|g|
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

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